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Gas chromatography (GC) is a laboratory technique used to separate, identify, and quantify compounds in a mixture that can be vaporized. It works by passing a sample through a column with a stationary phase, while an inert gas carries the sample through. Different compounds travel at various speeds, allowing them to be separated and detected, often using devices like flame ionization detectors or mass spectrometers.
The fundamental principle of GC is based on the differing partitioning behaviors of substances between a mobile phase (gas) and a stationary phase (solid or liquid). In GC, a sample mixture is introduced into a chromatographic column, where the components interact with the stationary phase to varying degrees. These differences in adsorption affinity cause the components to travel through the column at different rates, resulting in their separation. The separated components are then detected and recorded by a detector. GC is widely used for the quantitative analysis of complex mixtures containing small-molecular-weight compounds.
| Aspect | Gas Chromatography (GC) | Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) |
|---|---|---|
| Principle | Separates volatile compounds based on volatility and interaction with stationary phase | Combines GC separation with mass spectrometry for identification |
| Detection | Uses detectors like FID or TCD; provides quantitative data | Uses mass spectrometer; provides both quantitative and structural data |
| Identification | Can separate and quantify, but limited in identifying unknowns | Can separate, quantify, and accurately identify compounds using mass spectra |
| Sensitivity/Specificity | Sensitive for known compounds; limited for complex/unknown samples | Higher sensitivity and specificity; ideal for trace and unknown analysis |
| Applications | Routine analysis, quality control, known compound mixtures | Forensics, environmental monitoring, drug testing, research, complex mixtures |
Gas chromatography (GC) is an analytical technique used to separate and analyze vaporized compounds. It involves passing a sample through a column with a stationary phase while an inert gas acts as the mobile phase. Components are separated based on their volatility and affinity, and detected by devices like flame ionization detectors or mass spectrometers. GC is widely used in fields such as environmental monitoring, food analysis, and pharmaceuticals for its sensitivity and speed.
